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Social scientists commonly seek to make statements about how word use varies over circumstances—including time, partisan identity, or some other document-level covariate. For example, researchers might wish to know how Republicans and Democrats diverge in their understanding of the term “immigration.” Building on the success of pretrained language models, we introduce the a la carte on text (conText) embedding regression model for this purpose. This fast and simple method produces valid vector representations of how words are used—and thus what words “mean”—in different contexts. We show that it outperforms slower, more complicated alternatives and works well even with very few documents. The model also allows for hypothesis testing and statements about statistical significance. We also provide extensions of the model to non-English languages and demonstrate applications for the same.
This program is concerned with the role of the business manager, the person who brings together the land, the resources, the necessary labor, and the capital or means of production and sets all these turning to manufacture the things that people need or want. To indicate the functions of the business manager, the program visits a laundry – operated as a proprietorship, a filling station – operated as a partnership, and a large corporation. In dealing with the corporation, the program shows the varied responsibilities of Donald Douglas, general manager of the Reflective Products Division of the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company.
The Institute of International Education (IIE) administers the most prestigious awards for international education such as the Fulbright. As an intermediary between states, private philanthropies, corporations, and universities, the IIE has smoothed global crises and facilitated U.S. diplomatic policies related to international education for the past century. In my dissertation, “The Cosmopolitans: The Institute of International Education from Liberal Internationalism to Neoliberal Globalization (1919–2003),” I ask how parastatal organizations like the IIE became central to twentieth century liberalism. I argue that Americans came to rely on international students as proxies to end global conflicts, fortify the United States’ geopolitical standing, advance capitalist economic development in the Global South, and keep U.S. colleges financially afloat.The Institute of International Education has dominated the fields of international education and person-to-person diplomacy from 1919 to the present as an intermediary between states and private organizations. It has bolstered international student programs with private grants and administered flagship federal programs such as the Fulbright. This combination of private administration and capital with federal legislation and the brand of the U.S. government has characterized the shift from massive public spending and liberal internationalism in the postwar era to the neoliberalism of the late-twentieth century.
An announcer talks about the very first Ford sold as we see fields of grain, rivers, and nature. We see a small settlement where most people are walking or riding on buggies with horses. As the Ford comes out of the garage people make exclamations about it. The announcer then takes us through each Ford model and each model starts to join a long line of other Fords on a long road in the sunshine. We see all the Ford models before 1960 together before we cut to a scene of the three new Ford models of 1960, which includes a Falcon and Thunderbird. The models drive together on a long tarmac road with the mountains behind them and the sun setting.
A member of the Fort Wayne neighborhood association where a new group home was going in telephoned Steve Hinkle. "'You know,' he said, 'just three houses down the road, there's a Cadillac that sits in a driveway.' And I said 'Well, I think that's really important because I've got a new van that's going be sitting there and I don't want it to be a sloppy neighborhood.'" Starting in 1976, Steve was instrumental in placing former residents of Fort Wayne State Developmental Center into some of Indiana's first group homes. Steve was President/CEO of Easter Seals Arc of Northeast Indiana for 34 years. In this video excerpt of a 2012 interview, he describes early group home development as both an exciting time of transition and a struggle with barriers such as zoning regulations and neighbor attitudes.
"I joke with everybody that I take a day, I sit at home with a two-liter bottle of Diet Pepsi and a huge box of tissues and I read all the essays,” recounts Donna about the Attitude Essay Contest. The contest encourages elementary and middle school students to write about their own attitudes or the attitudes of others. Donna says, “I firmly believe -- and the essays prove -- kids want to focus on what is the same, what is similar, what do they have in common with somebody, not what is something that's going to put up a barrier to them.” Donna Roberts, retired Executive Director of United Cerebral Palsy Association of Greater Indiana, was interviewed in 2013.
“I came back on Monday and one of the clients had a broken limb and nobody knew how it had occurred,” explains Sue Beecher of a visit to Muscatatuck State Developmental Center. In 1998, Sue was working for Indiana Protection & Advocacy and was assigned to monitor Muscatatuck. She witnessed the care for residents became progressively worse. In a 2013 interview, she shares multiple stories of abuse and neglect she found during her visits to the institution. The Center located in Butlerville, Indiana closed in 2005.
“In terms of children being admitted, I assisted with some admissions of children. I’m not proud of that,” states Sue Beecher. In the late 1970s, Sue worked in the outpatient clinic at New Castle State Hospital and assisted with placing children with disabilities into the institution. Sue says, “ A lot the folks came from the rural areas and parents didn’t have a lot of cash flow to be able to say hire somebody to help take care.” Sue shares experiences with the children she remembers being admitted at New Castle, Indiana. Later known as New Castle State Development Center, it closed in 1998. She was interviewed in 2013.
