1501. The unity of science (29:59)

Date:
1957
Summary:
Physicists and biophysicists find common ground in interpreting the oscillation of a suspended spring. It is a simple piece of coiled metal which pulses over a small pool of mercury. The spring and the mercury are connected to a battery. Both scientists agree that the motion, regular and seemingly tireless, results from a design embodying the principle of “positive feedback.” From the biophysicist’s point of view, the pulsing spring is rather like the beating human heart. More and more areas of agreement common to all branches of science thus seems, as Professor LeCorbeiller puts it, “too beautiful not to be true.” And if science is one in revealing nature, will it not demonstrate that nature itself is one … animate and inanimate, spring and heart, body and tone?

1502. The Universal Machine (28:50)

Date:
1962
Summary:
Comments on the fact that the computer revolution represents a fundamentally different kind of advance because, unlike past industrial advances, the computer manipulates processed information at incredible speeds. Explains the problem of what to use as a universal "machine language."

1503. The universe (29:55)

Date:
1956
Summary:
Dr. Otto Struve, director of the Leuscher Observatory in Berkeley and the first man to prove that stars rotate on their axes, is Dr. Seaborg’s guest on this program. Hydrogen is rare and helium is positively scarce on earth but these two elements alone make up 99 percent of the universe as a whole. Dr. Seaborg and his guest attempt to explain this phenomenon and other topics such as the creation of the universe, the emptiness of “empty space,” and the ways in which astronomers unravel the secrets of the cosmos. The viewers also is taken on a journey of exploration in outer space with our host and Dr. Struve as they explore the sun, the Milky Way, and distant galaxies, all illustrated with remarkable astro-photos.

1504. The Universe from Palomar (29:12)

Date:
1967
Summary:
Presents a history of the Hale Telescope and the contributions it has made to our knowledge of the universe. Shows transportation and construction of the 200-inch mirror. Illustrates recent discoveries with photographs taken through the telescope at its Mount Palomar site.

1505. The unlucky traveler (29:43)

Date:
1956
Summary:
Professor Kraemer reads from an illustrated account by an Egyptian envoy, written in 1200 BC, who traveled to Syria at a time when law and order within the Egyptian empire were in a state of corruption. The account stresses the indignities suffered by a traveler.

1506. The Unsubstantial Flesh (29:18)

Date:
1959
Summary:
This program goes into the peculiar problem of weightlessness, which is typical of space flight, when the speed of the vehicle on an elliptical orbit around the earth counteracts the attraction of gravity and the occupants cease to have any weight. Maj. Stallings, who flies a jet plane in weightlessness experiments at the School of Aviation Medicine, explains the technique of performing this maneuver; the only way known to secure the effect of “zero gravity” within the earth’s atmosphere. Dr. Gerathewohl then describes some of the results of the flights on subjects in research which he has carried on at the School for several years.

1508. The USA, World Power (29:08)

Date:
1955
Summary:
Imperialism was in the air as the nineteenth century ran toward its close. The USA proved not to be immune. A new “manifest destiny” took hold of American minds; expansion beyond continental limits had its attractions. The early twentieth century saw the USA taking its part in world affairs as a solid full-grown member of the family of nations.

1509. The use of philosophy (29:55)

Date:
1957
Summary:
This is the first of a series of four discussions on philosophy. In it, Dr. Adler defines philosophy and discusses the relationship of philosophy to science and religion. He also answers the question whether man needs a philosophy of life and reveals his belief that philosophy is useful and, in fact, is the foundation of all learning.

1510. The V-2 (14:50)

Date:
1957
Summary:
The V-2 was called the A-4 by the Germans and as such should have been the fourth in the A series of missiles. Actually it was the fifth since the A-5 was predecessor to the V-2. The A-4 incorporated most of the latest rocket knowledge and even extrapolated by increasing the dimensions greatly over any missile that had previously been built. Pumping of propellants and cooling of the motor were two major problems that were solved. Since the collapse of Germany, the V-2 has been used in several novel experiments.

1511. The Viking (15:12)

Date:
1957
Summary:
Shows fueling operation, static firing, and the actual firing of the Viking missile. Pictures the recovery of the rocket after it has fallen, and explains that upper air information may be obtained by the study of the parts that are recovered.

1512. The war (29:49)

Date:
1961
Summary:
Deals with the prelude to and the events of the Revolution of 1917. Discusses the relations between Lenin and the German government. Presents re-enactments of Lenin's return to Russia from Germany, his activities immediately upon his return, and the efforts to form his "dictatorship of the proletariat."

1513. The war between the states (30:19)

Date:
1955
Summary:
This program addresses the Civil War; even before Lincoln took office, the retreat from the Union had begun. He did not want war but was determined that, if the preservation of the Union demanded it, he would not refuse the challenge. Fort Sumter was bombarded and on April 13th its garrison surrendered. The next four years would be bloody, painful, unfortunate ones in the American story.

1514. The way it is (1:00:05)

Date:
1967
Summary:
Warning: This film contains dated language regarding race. Documents the chaos of a "ghetto" school and what is being done in one particular school to remedy this situation. Focuses on Junior High School No. 5 in the Bedford-Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn where the workers with a New York University special learning project are shown in classrooms, teachers' meetings, and visits with parents. Suggests that moderate success in reaching the children was achieved only when many different approaches were adopted.

1515. The way of ants (29:22)

Date:
1957
Summary:
The ants are social insects with a fascinating story of division of labor and social organization. Their history of how this social structure developed from very simple beginnings to more complicated systems is interesting too. You’ll find that some ants eat protein food while others are vegetarians, and you’ll discover that the kind of society which ants maintain is related to their food habits. Robert Willey, an entomologist, will demonstrate these things with live colonies of ants. You’ll learn too how to keep an ant colony and what kinds of questions about behavior of ants you might answer by observation. On film, you will see an ant herdsman tending the aphid cows and stoking them to secure their sweet honeydew.

1516. The wheat farmer (second edition) (13:35)

Date:
1956
Summary:
Shows the raising and harvesting of a crop of wheat by a family in Kansas. Pictures plowing, harrowing, and planting in the late summer along with a variety of activities in which the wheat farmer engages. Dramatizes the struggle to get the crop in before an impending hail storm and reveals the risks involved in wheat farming.

1517. The whole world is watching (52:55)

Date:
1969
Summary:
Presents reporters David Brinkley and Walter Cronkite with critics John Fischer and Senator John O. Pastore probing the question of bias in television newscasting. Discusses topics such as the 1968 Democratic National Convention, and the restraints and influences placed upon television by advertising. Shows David Brinkley contending that a completely objective person would be virtually a vegetable and that he strives for fairness, not simply objectivity.

1518. The why of national goals (30:18)

Date:
1961
Summary:
Dr. Wriston and Erwin D. Canham, editor of the Christian Science Monitor, explore the reasons for the President’s Commission on National Goals. They quickly make the point that Americans set their own goals and that the Commission does not intend to impose its conclusions on the public. The report goals for Americans is designed to be a handbook for thoughtful citizens, to focus their attention and discussion on topics of importance, and to give them the facts to reach their own conclusions. Leadership in America, Dr. Wriston and Mr. Canham point out, resides in many places – in the Presidency, in local government, in pressure groups, and in the individual. The goals mentioned in the course of this program are suggestions stemming from current public opinion, and are designed to help Americans give their country a forward direction in the coming years.

1519. The wife of Kazutoyo Yamanouchi (29:49)

Date:
1959
Summary:
This is the tale of the historical Japanese figure, Lord Nobunaga Oda, an impoverished Samurai. The Samurai’s clever wife finds a way to help her husband obtain a beautiful stallion. Mr. Mikami demonstrates the steps involved in drawing a horse.

1520. The winged scourge (malaria) (10:34)

Date:
1943
Summary:
Shows various methods of combatting and eliminating the anopheles mosquito. Animated cartoon featuring the Seven Dwarfs.

1521. The wise men of Gotham (15:18)

Date:
1958
Summary:
Hand puppets tell the story of a town named Gotham which was to be occupied by the Duke's army. The people of Gotham pretend to be very stupid, so the Duke will take his army away from their peaceful town. They are successful after playing many tricks on the Duke and his army.

1522. The world of ocean (59:42)

Date:
1959
Summary:
A trip to sea with professional marine scientists and a visit to their laboratories are highlighted in this program. Dr. John F. Storr is host for the visits. Showing realities of scientific research with precision instruments aboard the University of Miami Marine Laboratory vessel “Gerda,” the program takes the viewer on a voyage for basic oceanographic facts.

1523. The writer's tone of voice (29:15)

Date:
1957
Summary:
Illustrates, through music and poetry, the importance of interpreting the writer's tone of voice in deriving meaning from written communication. Defines tone as the relationship between what is meant and what is said. Points out that all written communication has some kind of tone. Discusses the reader's responsibility in reading the right tone from the printed page. (KETC) Kinescope.

1524. Thematic Development (30:00)

Date:
1958
Summary:
Dr. Jones, in this program, explains the tremendous expansion of the basic ternary scheme into “sonata-form” and illustrates some of the simpler means of thematic development in sonata and symphonic movements based on this plan. There are, he indicates, no limits to the skillful manipulation of themes in the hands of masters of thematic development like Bach, Beethoven and Brahms.

1525. Theme and Variations (29:51)

Date:
1956
Summary:
Discusses and demonstrates theme and variations and traces the development of this musical form. Illustrations include variations of the Vintner's Daughter, and the "Trout-Quintet," played in its entirety by the Paganini Quartet, with piano. (USC) Film.

1526. Theory and tactics : Bolshevism on the march (30:29)

Date:
1961
Summary:
Presents the development of Communism from 1904-1914. Uses commentary, dramatic reenactments, and photographs of the situation in Czarist Russia and the conditions which permitted the growth of the Bolshevik party. Portrays Lenin's exile scene to the abortive revolt of 1905, resulting in the emergence of Trotsky. Concludes by describing the fund-raising techniques of the party and an introduction to the young Joseph Stalin.

1527. These united colonies (30:13)

Date:
1955
Summary:
The skirmishes at Lexington and Concord and even the more determined fighting around Boston were only meant to show the mother country that the colonials were serious in their demand to be treated fairly as Englishmen. But then events moved rapidly. In July, 1776, the die was cast and the challenge thrown in the face of the British. The next years were full of heartbreaks and setbacks. Almost to the end, the outcome of the struggle was in serious doubt. While the war was on, the new nation often found distressing troubles of an internal nature. The independence for which the fight was being waged at times seemed to be anything but that sweet thing glimpsed in the dreams of freedom. But in the end, victory came to the Americans. In 1783 Great Britain officially recognized the United States of North America. The introductory chapters of the American story were concluded. The main chapters were to follow.

1528. This is...Ecuador (19:04)

Date:
unknown/unknown
Summary:
Pictures aspects of economic and social life of the country, and its strategic position in relation to the protection of the Panama Canal.

1529. Thornton Wilder (29:00)

Date:
1967
Summary:
Presents the biography of Thornton Wilder by tracing his life and family background. Provides excerpts from his speeches and quotations from his writings and film clips. Analyzes, for their social meanings, the themes of several of his works.

1530. Threads of life (29:31)

Date:
1961
Summary:
Presents an analysis of nucleic acid. Uses a large model of the tobacco mosaic virus to explain its structure. Demonstrates how a virus can be reconstituted from nucleic acid and protein molecules. Discusses the recent discovery of the alteration of nucleic acid to form mutations of the original virus. Concludes with a theory which may account for the way in which genetic information is stored in nucleic acid and then translated into a specific protein structure.

1531. Three Part (Ternary) Form (29:38)

Date:
1959
Summary:
Reviews the structure of binary form and begins the discussion of three part or ternary form. Explains the limitations of binary form and how ternary form offers possibilities of greater expansion. Illustrates how ternary form is based on the idea of statement, development, and re-statement. (WMSB-TV) Kinescope.

1532. Three Sprained Feet (15:17)

Date:
1958
Summary:
Dragonflies catch flies and other insects by cupping their feet together under their chin to make a basket. By means of the peep-show parade, Dora and Fignewton Frog tell of Dennis Dragonfly, who sprained three of his feet and found it difficult to catch food for a while.

1533. Tiger Under the Bed (29:33)

Date:
1959
Summary:
Discusses the real and imagined fears of children. Tells why children invent imaginary dangers and how to deal with this problem. Also points out how to teach children respect for real danger. Answers questions from mothers and fathers concerning this aspect of child development. (WTTW) Kinescope.

1534. Time (29:06)

Date:
1959
Summary:
Explores the Oriental concept of time, showing how Eastern philosophy views the future as the tomorrow that never comes. Discusses Western fallacies connected with living for the future, and illustrates how planning for the future is of use only to those who can live fully in the present.

1535. Time : the surest poison (29:35)

Date:
1962
Summary:
Explores the natural process of aging and the methods used in its study. Indicates that aging might be considered one of the deleterious side effects of radiation. Shows that since radiation injury resembles natural aging in so many ways, radiation has proved one of the best ways of studying the aging process. Points out how research on aging is conducted in the Argonne National Laboratory's animal quarters and in low level gamma irradiation room.

1536. Tiny Little Patch (15:09)

Date:
1958
Summary:
Host Dora and Fignewton Frog tell the story of a "tiny little patch of sky", and use charcoal and chalk illustrations to teach about the weather and the different types of clouds.

1537. To market, to market (29:43)

Date:
1958
Summary:
Uses a trip to a grocery store to explain who gets the money that is represented by the spread between farmers and consumers. Questions are answered by a store manager, businessmen at a civic club luncheon, and by a speaker at the luncheon. Points out reasons for and importance of the "marketing margin." (Agrafilms, Inc.) Kinescope.

1538. To sleep...perchance to dream (29:32)

Date:
1966
Summary:
Documents several experiments conducted at the Sleep Research Laboratory of the University of California at Los Angeles in studying the nature of sleep. Presents experiments to determine the relationship of dreams to stomach secretions, the amount of time infants spend dreaming, and the effects of depriving a subject of dreams. Shows the recording and interpretation of electrical impulses from a sleeping subject and the rapid eye movements during dreaming.

1539. To Spank or Not to Spank (29:38)

Date:
1959
Summary:
Discusses punishment and its consequences. Compares and explains both sides of the spanking issue. Points out alternative means of discipline and shows that children do respect fair punishment. Stresses the importance of observation and imitation in learning right from wrong. Answers questions from parents concerning the child who bites, who won't take a nap, and the problem of consistency in punishment. (WTTW) Kinescope.

1540. To the shores of Iwo Jima (19:32)

Date:
1945
Summary:
Documentary short film depicting the American assault on the Japanese-held island of Iwo Jima and the massive battle that raged on that key island in the Allied advance on Japan.

1541. To young persons with active minds (29:45)

Date:
1958
Summary:
Dr. Joel Hildebrand discusses the future of scientific endeavor and the qualities which help make a scientist. Explains why the young person interested in science should possess curiosity, imagination, drive, and a critical sense. Points out the necessity of an education in mathematics and the other basic subjects. (KQED) Film.

1542. Tommy Turtle's Snowman (15:02)

Date:
1958
Summary:
Fignewton Frog (puppet) and Dora (person) tell the story of Tommy Turtle, using diaramas. Tommy wants to stay awake for the winter and build a snowman, and ends up getting helped by another hibernating animal, a bear. Dora and Fignewton then recommend library books and a trip to the library.

1543. Tomorrow's television : get what you want or like what you get (36:24)

Date:
1969
Summary:
Examines the competitive struggle of cable television operators against movie-theater owners, commercial broadcasters, and the telephone company. Discusses the differences in programming philosophies of commercial and cable TV. Includes a discussion of Federal Communications Commission policies in the regulation of broadcasting.

1544. Tonal Contrast (29:36)

Date:
1958
Summary:
Explains contrast as opposed to repetition or variation. Defines tonal contrast as modulation or change of tonality and harmonic contrast, or the off-setting of plain harmony by color-harmony. Illustrates with a selection from a Bach cantata. (WMSB-TV) Kinescope.

1545. Tonalities Old and New (29:28)

Date:
1958
Summary:
Again Dr. Jones uses Beethoven’s music as an illustration, explaining the composer’s humorous interplay of major and minor tonalities more fully. He also treats briefly the traditional tonal systems from the time of Wagner to the emergence of new tonal arrangements.

1546. Tonality (29:27)

Date:
1958
Summary:
The psychological effects of various tonal patterns are demonstrated in the discussion of this topic. Professor Jones illustrates the varying characters or “atmosphere” of melodies based on scales and modes of different character.

1547. Too much is plenty (29:16)

Date:
1958
Summary:
Uses a family discussion and a series of cartoons to explain the farm surplus problem. Illustrates how and why surpluses arise. Provides alternatives which might solve the problem. (Agrafilms, Inc.) Film.

1548. Toys in History (15:20)

Date:
1958
Summary:
Bash Kennett shows some of the things which fascinated children of other times, taking a trip to see some dolls, stereopticons, books and bicycles of early periods which grandfather may have enjoyed as a boy. Songs include “The Devil’s Nine Questions” and “This A’Way.”

1549. Tracing airborne radioactivity (1:00:59)

Date:
1962
Summary:
How does the air cleanse itself of poisonous substances, including radioactive substances? Philip Gustafson, a biologist in the Division of Biological and Medical Research, and Henry Moses of the Division of Radiological Physics, examine atmospheric fallout and methods now being used to determine and study such fallout. They relate current fallout studies to man and to his environment.

1550. Tracing living cells (29:28)

Date:
1962
Summary:
Illustrates how the use of radioactive isotopes in the study of cell division and in medical therapy has helped man overcome disease. Demonstrates some of the many helpful and healthful uses of atomic energy.

1551. Trade unionism and its goals (29:24)

Date:
1959
Summary:
George Meany, President of the AFL-CIO, is interviewed on this program by Dr. John Schwarzwalder, general manager of KTCA-TV, St. Paul. Mr. Meany talks of the fight to make labor recognized by management as an entity, worthy of consideration. Once this was accomplished, two of the chief aims of trade unionism were to encourage and work for greater free public education, and to raise the standard of living in the United States. There is still much to be done in the area of family problems, but first and foremost, labor’s most important task is to get its workers and their children a fair share, Mr. Meany says. On automation, Mr. Meany states that the trade union movement wholeheartedly accepts the validity of the attempt to lighten the burden of human labor. Labor, however, claims it is necessary that the economy expand sufficiently to offset the resulting unemployment caused by automation. If the economy does not sufficiently expand, Mr. Meany says a shorter work week is the only answer to the labor problems posed by automation. He considers the most important piece of labor legislation in the past fifty years was the Wagner Act of 1935, which gave labor the right to organize. He adds that he considers the Taft-Hartley legislation the most damaging piece of labor legislation. Is American labor pricing itself out of the world market? Mr. Meany says labor must bring the rest of the world up to the standards of the United States rather than cut American standards down to those of the rest of the world.

1552. Traffic Control (29:38)

Date:
1959
Summary:
Discusses the importance of the shape of signs; the proper placement of signals and roadway markings; the importance of traffic and pedestrian controls; radar and speed checks; the value and necessity of a traffic engineer; and plans for future traffic control. (Cincinnati Public Schools and WCET) Kinescope.

1553. Training and Education in Nuclear Science (29:49)

Date:
1959
Summary:
Discusses the training of new personnel in the field of nuclear science. Reviews the history of nuclear science and points out the role of the university, industry, and governmental laboratories in providing educational opportunities in this field. Examines the question of pure research as opposed to applied research. (WQED) Film.

1554. Training schools (58:55)

Date:
1959
Summary:
In this program, a youthful prisoner relates his experiences in a training school. Following a description by host Lohman of standard roles attributed to these schools, filmed scenes are shown to examine activities designed for younger inmates. Boone and Lohman explore the misconceptions inherent in the term “training school.” They examine the actual function and operation of this type of institution.

1555. Transitions : conversations with Wendell Castle (31:03)

Date:
1971
Summary:
Presents Wendell Castle, a sculptor who likes plastic and rugged woods better than materials which are traditionally used. Explains that Castle creates forms which are both beautiful and functional, relatively inexpensive, and fit with each other in a total environmental situation. Relates that Castle believes art is continually changing because the artist or designer by his very nature cannot be happy with things as they are.

1556. Transportation and internal commerce (29:13)

Date:
1955
Summary:
By means of maps and diagrams, enumerates the various means of transportation made possible by the topography of our land. States that one of our country's major strengths is the comparative ease and speed with which we can move people and goods across our continent. (WOI-TV) Kinescope.

1557. Treasures from the land of the Bible (28:48)

Date:
1957
Summary:
Discusses the discovery of the Dead Sea scrolls; explains how the scrolls came into being, who wrote them and why, and what they mean today. Includes a study of Palestine, beginning with its earliest recorded history; and shows samples of Palestinian art.

1558. Treatment of children (30:22)

Date:
1960
Summary:
Dramatizes a story about an emotionally disturbed boy and his rehabilitation. Portrays the home situation which provoked the boy's illness, his reaction to it, and his antagonism toward the world which led him into juvenile delinquency. Shows how his commitment takes place, the treatment he receives, and his eventual readjustment and return home.

1559. Turbojets, Pulse Jets, and Ram Jets (14:41)

Date:
1957
Summary:
Contrasts pulse jets, turbojets, and ramjets to a true rocket. Compares the operation of a true rocket engine with that of a jet engine, and explains the operation of the three types of jet engines showing the advantages and disadvantages of each. (New Mexico College of A. & M.A.)

1560. Turtles (29:30)

Date:
1957
Summary:
Turtles are reptiles along with snakes, lizards and crocodiles. The turtle has a remarkable history, too. He has been around for 200 million years and is relatively unchanged from his early ancestors. On this program you’ll find out about the turtle’s adaptations for his kind of life, for instance the way he breathes. Animals with lungs usually use their ribs to aid in expansion of the chest for breathing, but since the turtle’s ribs re part of his armor of shell, he cannot do this. What does he do? You find this out along with meeting several species of turtles and learning how to tell the age of these long-lived reptiles. Fifteen-year-old Frank Maurer, of Newton, Mass. is the guest of Mrs. Grimes. He is generally interested in science and especially in turtles, frogs, and snakes which he keeps as pets.

1561. TV: Family Friend or Foe? (29:34)

Date:
1958
Summary:
Asks why children like TV so much and debates the effects of TV on children's behavior. Dr. Maria Piers offers answers to these questions and suggests how TV can be of help to a busy mother.

1562. Two Accidents in One Day (15:20)

Date:
1958
Summary:
Both Brushy and Linda learn about safety the hard way when they are hurt on the playground because they have been careless.

1563. Two-Part Form: Binary (29:39)

Date:
1959
Summary:
Discusses the binary form of musical composition. Illustrates that the under-lying principle of this form is thesis and antithess. Distinguishes between the balance of phrases in a two-phrase sentence and the balance of parts (sections, paragraphs) in two-part form. Explains the modulatory scheme of the more developed types of binary form, and the means of integrating the whole composition.

1564. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) (29:00)

Date:
1962
Summary:
Acknowledge as one of the greatest observational astronomers who ever lived, Tycho (TY-ko) Brahe (BRAH-ee) managed to make enormous strides without the help of telescopes. During his lifetime he discovered that comets are the product of interplanetary space rather than of the earth, as had long been believed. His inventions included a number of highly accurate instruments, and among his publications was a most valuable table of refractions. Toward the end of his life, he was joined by Johannes Kepler, who functioned as Brahe’s assistant and, after the great astronomer’s death, continued the work his friend had begun.

1565. Unconscious understanding (29:54)

Date:
1957
Summary:
What is the role of unconscious understanding, in dreams, in poetry, and in wit and humor? It plays a major part in all of these. In wit, satire, and puns, the unconscious understanding contributes largely to the meaning. Humor often loses all effect if it must be explained, but rather depends upon immediate, unconscious awareness of the point. Prof. Boring gives many amusing examples from literature.

1566. Underpainting (29:49)

Date:
1957
Summary:
After putting the outline of his main figure on the canvas, Painter Reinhardt does something which non-artists might consider astonishing: he begins to cover the figure with the “underpainting.” But as he talks and explains what he is doing, another technique of the artist becomes clear. With this part of the job done, the audience is left to await the next step in the making of a painting.

1567. Upper Atmosphere (29:36)

Date:
1959
Summary:
Dr. Gould notes that today man’s eyes and mind must be lifted to encompass outer space. Dr. Roberts discusses the earth and the Sun and explains why the year 1957-58 was selected IGY Year. Films of explosions on the Sun are shown and the Aurora is explained. A discussion of the Ionosphere ensues. Drs. Gould and Roberts indicate the scope and importance of the Upper Atmosphere studies of the IGY and the vital role of the Antarctic studies in the total IGY program.

1568. Variation Form (29:43)

Date:
1959
Summary:
Discusses musical form known as theme and variations in which attention is directed exclusively to the process of varying a simple theme. Illustrates with an example from a Mozart sonata. Points out the various kinds of· elaboration of the theme: (1) melodic embellishment; (2) change of tonality; (3) change of tempo; (4) change of basic meter; and (5) a coda at the end.

1569. Variations on a 'Ground' (29:37)

Date:
1959
Summary:
Discusses the type of variation form known as passacaglia in ·which the theme is a short pattern in the bass. Repeating this theme over and over again, more or less exactly, provides a ground for the variations above it. Illustrates with Purcell's Lament of Dido and Bach's Passacaglia in C Minor, both played in full.

1570. Vegetation and soil (29:50)

Date:
1955
Summary:
Dr. Sumner explains how land surface is considered the most precious of all natural resources since it and climate together produce soil and determine the nature of vegetation. As an example of uncultivated plants which are a rich natural resource, Dr. Sumner cites our nation’s timber supplies. He points out that recent progress in reforestation has not equalized our consumption and growth of timber.

1571. Venezuela : the making of a government (59:23)

Date:
1963
Summary:
Records highlights of the emergence of democratic government in Venezuela. Shows that the Venezuelan election of December 2 1963, allowed for the first transfer of office from one democratic administration to another in that nation's history. The film documents numerous national problems and aspects of the political campaign. Factors included for examination are the importance of the military, the terrorists' campaign to prevent the election, and the problems of illiteracy and poverty. Refers to the large political setting of Venezuela within Latin American history. Shows the failure of the Cuban-backed terror campaign to keep the people from voting. Includes interviews with Past-President Betancourt and President-Elect Leoni.

1572. Verdi : part I (29:44)

Date:
1955
Summary:
Presents a background of Verdi's life and discusses his early operatic productions, including Rigoletto. Discusses the characteristics of the Italian opera, describes Verdi's love for and his contribution to his country, and tells of his awakening interest in Shakespeare which later influenced some of his compositions.

1573. Verdi : part II (29:45)

Date:
1955
Summary:
Here was a man whose music was often misinterpreted, says Dr. Popper as he discusses the life and works of operatic composer Verdi. He tells how Verdi was influenced by Shakespeare and talks of his master work, “Rigoletto.” The program also features demonstrations of Verdi’s music.

1574. Village life in the "new Japan" (30:26)

Date:
1961
Summary:
What it means to live in a contemporary Japanese village is shown through film shot especially for this series in Nijike, 430 miles from Tokyo. A housewife appears in the film sequences, but the voice heard in the narration is that of Miss Kimie Tojo, daughter of the late Premier Tojo. Professor Ward, host for the program, points out that the village has often been considered the backbone of traditional Japan. His guest, Richard K. Beardsley, Professor of Anthropology at the University of Michigan, concurs. It is the land, (Professor Beardsley says), the importance of working the land, of keeping it going, of keeping it in the family, that strongly enforces traditional ways in Japanese villages. These traditional ways stress cooperation on a family and on a community level, and the subordination of each person to the collective good. Holding and working the land is a way of life, not a business. Yet the modern world has made its impression on village life. A century ago the village had little connection with the outside world. Now, as a result of central government supervision, police and military conscription, economic changes brought about when the villagers began to raise crops for outside sale, a national system of schools, and the introduction of electricity and radios, this insular picture has altered. But because of the basic social conditions and the primary concern for working the land, changes occur slowly. In their own villages, younger men are gaining control because they understand machinery and marketing best. A real social transformation is taking place, but quietly, without violence, without setting life off balance. The families scrape a living from two acres of land and stay, for the most part, buried within the household and the community. They find satisfaction from living collectively. Their way of life has for generations fitted their nature and their circumstances; yet it seems flexible enough to make room for the new.

1575. Viral Genes (29:35)

Date:
1960
Summary:
Presents an analysis of bacteriophages and how they may change. Explains why bacterial viruses are useful to scientists studying different life forms. Uses diagrams and animation to show how bacteria reproduce within a cell and how mutations of these viruses can be identified. Describes the "copy errors" responsible for mutation, and the ways in which cross-breeding among viruses takes place.

1576. Wabash Foothold (29:32)

Date:
1959
Summary:
Tells the story of George Rogers Clark and his defeat of the British at Vincennes in 1778. Uses cartoons, maps, and photographs to illustrate conditions, fort locations, and how the British were conquered.

1577. Wagner : part I (29:37)

Date:
1955
Summary:
Dr. Popper bares the life and works of another great composer, Wagner, as he continues on his journey through opera for the layman. Several vocal illustrations are included, and Dr. Popper again spends much of his time at the piano.

1578. Wagner : part II (29:33)

Date:
1955
Summary:
Discusses the later works of Wagner and the conditions under which various of his operas were written. Describes the process of writing the Ring, ending with four complete works--Das Rheingold, Die Walkure, Siegfried, and Die Gotterdammerung. Demonstrates with piano and voice, portions of Wagner's two shorter works, Tristan and Isolde, and Die Meistersinger.

1579. Wanderers on the fringe (29:42)

Date:
1957
Summary:
Curator Wilkinson returns on this program to present the story of the Nomad Scythians who ranged the Russian plains during the Sixth Century BC. Exhibits include examples of Scythian metal work, which was extremely avant-garde for that day. Discussion emphasizes the inventiveness, imaginativeness, and other cultural characteristics of these ancestors of the Russians.

1580. Water : sculptor of the land (29:25)

Date:
1958
Summary:
Wind, heat, cold, and rain combine to weather the rocks and break them down. But the face of our earth is molded and the decayed rock carried away from one place and deposited in another mainly by water. The deposits laid down by water, wind, or ice produce after long periods of time and under pressure, rocks which are classed as sedimentary. You will see and learn how to distinguish some of the common sedimentary rocks; limestone, sandstone, shale, and conglomerate. Each of these sedimentary rocks is formed in a different way; limestone by chemical precipitations, sandstone by grains of sand cemented together, shale from beds of mud or clay pressed and cemented into thin layers, and conglomerate is made of gravel or pebbles of assorted sizes cemented together. You will be introduced to one of the most interesting features of sedimentary rocks -their fossils. These records of living things are guides to the history of life on the earth.

1581. Water color painting in the world of art (30:12)

Date:
1957
Summary:
In this program, Mr. Fitzpatrick discusses water color, which, because of its spontaneous, lucid quality, is intriguing both to the artist and the layman alike. Watercolor paintings by well-known painters, such as John Marin and Winslow Homer, are discussed as to subject, technique, composition, and total effect. The tools and materials of the craft are explained, and a variety of methods in their use are demonstrated, with emphasis on the creative approach. Experimental, contemporary examples of watercolor painting will be viewed and explained in relation to the processes previously demonstrated.

1582. Water pressure (14:32)

Date:
1958
Summary:
This program deals with water pressure. Uncle Wonder shows the various experiments that water has weight and that water exerts pressure in all directions. He shows why there is more water pressure at the bottom of the lake or can of water than anywhere else. He also explains that dams are thicker at the bottom than at the top because they must hold back more pressure at the bottom.

1583. Wealth of the Andes (16:36)

Date:
1943
Summary:
Pictures a train trip to the Cero de Pasco mining district deep in the Peruvian Andes. Shows that copper and lead constitute the "wealth of the Andes". Discusses the construction problems that made the now-famous Central Railway of Peru one of the greatest engineering feats of all time. Includes a brief tour of Lima.

1584. Weather Maps, Calendars, and Crime (29:02)

Date:
1958
Summary:
Discusses folklore connected with crime, pointing out that a slight correlation may exist between criminality and the weather, phase of the moon, fire, darkness, and light. Uses vignettes to show how bad weather and dimly lit areas serve as secondhand causes of crime. Features Dr. Douglas M. Kelly.

1585. Weaving and man's dress (30:20)

Date:
1958
Summary:
When man faced the elements of nature, it was through his ingenuity and the use of his hands that he was able to weave clothing for protection. This took varying forms, from the weaving of blankets to the creation of articles of clothing. Man employed different materials for this item, depending on the environment. This program looks at the basic principles of weaving, which are the same whether the end product is a simple or complex article. Angiola Churchill and Shari Lewis explore this area of man’s creativity.

1586. Webs and Their Weavers (29:46)

Date:
1957
Summary:
Many people fear all spiders to such an extent that they have never explored this interesting world of living things. Only a few spiders are harmful to human beings, and the other thousands of kinds are often shunned because of these. Here is a new insight into the spider, a creature with eight eyes, glands to produce several kinds of silk, and instinctual knowledge to build snares so complicated and beautiful that man has to admire their design and efficiency. On beautiful film, taken by Charles Walcott, you’ll see Charlotte, (Aranea cavatics, the barn spider that EB White wrote about in Charlotte’s Web) spin her web and catch prey. Other film sequences will show how a funnel-web spider uses her sheet web, and how a crab spider, camouflaged like a flower, needs no web at all but awaits his victim on a plant.

1587. Weighing air (14:29)

Date:
1958
Summary:
In this program Uncle Wonder uses a gram scale and weighs the air in a basketball. He also shows that air has weight by balancing two balloons, one at each end of a stick, and breaking one of them, the other naturally falls to the table.

1588. Wellmet House (29:30)

Date:
19uu
Summary:
Explains that Wellmet House attempts to rehabilitate the mentally ill not by gaining conforming behavior but by helping them relate to other people in natural and unstructured ways. Points out that half of the residents are mentally ill and the other half are college students from nearby universities who staff Wellmet House. Emphasizes the need for each patient to find individual expression. Shows patients and staff at dinner, parties, the local pub, and a house meeting.

1589. Western Waterway (29:23)

Date:
1959
Summary:
The Lewis and Clark exploration of the unknown territory acquired by the Louisiana Purchase not only revealed the rich resources of the lands adjourning the Missouri River, but also helped to establish American title to the Pacific Northwest.

1590. Westward to Greece (29:31)

Date:
1957
Summary:
Discusses current theories on the origin of the Semitic alphabet. Illustrates the acrophonic principle of alphabetization by the development of several letters from the Semitic through the Greek and finally to their Latin forms. Explains the emergence of the Greek letters into Eastern and Western systems. Features Dr. Frank Baxter.

1591. Whaling (15:28)

Date:
1959
Summary:
Host Bash Kennett tells the story of whales and whaling, describes the harpooning of this mammal, and explains the uses of whale oil. Songs performed include "The Whale" by Burl Ives, and"The Greenland Fishery" (Roud 347).

1592. What are the real problems of co-existence? (29:10)

Date:
1955
Summary:
The problem of co-existence between rival nations is pin-pointed as a student from Israel takes issue with his counterpart from Egypt on the situation in the Middle East. The two appear with students from Iceland and Norway on the panel. The solution of the Israel-Arab problem, according to Per Friis Rusten of Norway, lies in education that will provide the peoples of the world with an international mind and spirit. "That's the hardest part - understanding another point of view, " adds Icelander Miss Gudrun Erlendsdottir.

1593. What bones can tell us (29:35)

Date:
1958
Summary:
In the case of mammals, bones can tell us a lot. Form the extinct mastodon and mammoth, or the ancient horse, one can learn lessons about the development of the mammals by merely examining the teeth and bone structures these early creatures left behind. You will meet the mammals and learn about their classification and development by examining skulls and live animals. Six orders of mammals will be considered: the Marsupialor opossums; the chiroptera or bats; the Carnivora or carnivores; the Artiodactyl or even-toed (like the horse); the Rodentia or rodents; and the Lagamorpha or rabbits.

1594. What do we go to high school for? (29:26)

Date:
1955
Summary:
"I want to tell American students how lucky they are," states Nakchung Paik of Korea. "Education is a privilege in my country. Here, it is a right." The other three participants, from Brazil, Britain, and Japan, agree in the panel discussion that American students have many advantages not equaled by students in their homelands. Choice in selecting subjects and sports are cited by the panel as beneficial factors in education here.

1595. What Do You Hear? (29:00)

Date:
1955
Summary:
Explains the ways in which rumors develop, and presents typical errors people make when telling their experiences to others. Illustrates the transmission of information by using a verbal chain demonstration in reporting a familiar situation and a pantomine demonstration in reporting an unfamiliar situation. Outlines the ways in which the reporting of an incident is accomplished from person to person and the changes that take place during the transmission.

1596. What do you like best and least? (29:56)

Date:
1957
Summary:
There is a definite reason for most of your likes and dislikes, says Prof. Boring. He shows how measurements of them can be taken themselves, examples of preferred experiences which are largely results of learning; for example, pleasant pains, dissonance in musical intervals, and cultivated smells. He reminds us that man is a behaving organism that tries to get what he likes and likes what he tries to get, and that his preferences are established by heredity and learning.

1597. What does the word communism mean to you? (29:35)

Date:
1957
Summary:
Participants are Miss Mirka Misic, Yugoslavia; Miss Susan Rennie, Union of South Africa; Mr. Norbert Scholz, Germany; Mr. Young-Koo Lee, Korea; and Mrs. Waller. The debate on the nature of communism is enlivened by the young Yugoslavian delegate who attempts to defend her country's brand of communism under questioning by representatives of Germany, Korea and the Union of South Africa. Mirka insists that Russia borders on imperialism while her country has communism at its best. She asserts that co-existence between communism and capitalism is necessary "if we want a peaceful world." The Korean panel member, however, vigorously replied that communism "by its very nature" denies co-existence with the capitalist countries. Speaking from his firsthand experience of communism during three months in North Korea after that area was captured by the Communists during the Korean war, he is violently in disagreement with anything communistic. He is joined in his views by the remaining two members of the panel.

1598. What Is Art? (29:18)

Date:
1956
Summary:
Defines art by discussing its distinguishing qualities. Differentiates between art and artifact. Shows a variety of art objects and paintings and contrasts art and artifact by playing two musical selections. (Hofstra College and WOR-TV) Kinescope.

1599. What is language? (28:48)

Date:
1958
Summary:
Defines language as a series of self-contained systems. Shows how words have different meanings within linguistic systems. Provides illustrations of linguistic subsystems. Points out the hazard of "premature presumption of understanding.

1600. What is the proper purpose of a high school education? (29:01)

Date:
1955
Summary:
This series, aired from 1954 through 1958, is built around the annual New York Herald Tribune World Youth Forum, which hosts approximately thirty foreign high school students from around the world in the US. The World Youth Forum features the high school students discussing problems of concern to America and the world. Discussions are presided over by Mrs. Helen Hiett Waller, World Youth Forum Director, with a maximum of encouragement to free expression. In this program from 1955, students from Australia, Singapore, Italy, and India discuss the proper purpose of a high school education.