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An advertisement for General Electric in which actor and Native American chief Dan George talks about the significance of Lake Tahoe to his people. An offscreen male narrator discusses how General Electric's sewage treatment systems allow Lake Tahoe to remain one of the cleanest lakes in the world. Submitted for the Clio Awards.
A public service announcement from the American Cancer Society in which a man buying cigarettes from a vending machine is juxtaposed with shots of casino games, rolling dice, and a horse race. The vending machine dispenses a carton of cigarettes as an offscreen male narrator states, "You lose." Submitted for the Clio Awards.
A public service announcement from the American Cancer Society in which a woman takes a shower while an offscreen female narrator urges viewers to give themselves a monthly breast self-examination. Submitted for the Clio Awards.
Tells the story of the Republican Party's birth at Ripon, Wisconsin. Explains the factors which gave rise to the Republican Party and doomed Whig Party. Discusses the Missouri Compromise, Fugitive Slave Law and the Kansas-Nebraska Act as they relate to the new party.
Tells the story of Old Shawneetown, Illinois and the first bank in this new territory. Explains how Old Shawneetown became a ghost town. Discusses the pioneer bank and how it was indispensable to the pioneer farmer, merchant, shipper and manufacturer.
A public service announcement from the National Clearinghouse for Drug Abuse Information in which an offscreen chorus sings a modified version of the children's rhyme "Ten Little Indians" over scenes of people suffering and overdosing from illicit drug use. Submitted for the Clio Awards.
A public service announcement from the New York City Department of Health in which a rat is shown burrowing its way underneath a scene of children playing outside as ominous music plays. An offscreen male narrator encourages viewers to cut off rats' food sources by disposing of garbage in a lidded trash can. Submitted for the Clio Awards.
Presents a discussion of the 85th congress and the issues to come before it. Examines the political make-up of Congress. Outlines the criteria by which to judge what's happening in politics. Uses charts and maps to review and analyze the results of the 1958 Congressional election. Features interviews with senators Paul H. Douglas and John S. Cooper concerning the major problems confronting the 86th congress. Featured hosts are Dr. Harold Laswell, Professor at Yale Law School, and Mr. Richard Scammon, Director of Elections Research of the Governmental Affairs Institute, Washington D.C. (Michael Armine and Potomac Film Producers) Film.
Tells the story of the first settlement at Marietta in the Northwest Territory. Explains the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, the establishment of the first civil government north of the Ohio River, and conditions prevailing at this period in American history.
Tells the early history of the lead industry in what is now Dubuque, Iowa. Talks about location and distribution of other mineral resources in the Old Northwest Territory. Explains how Julien Dubuque established contracts with the Indians and Spanish government to start the lead industry along the Mississippi.
Tells the story and historical significance of the battle of Fort Recovery in the settlement of Ohio. Explains how the grievances of settlers and Indians led to war and ultimate defeat for Native Americans. Points out the role of the British in bringing about Native American resistance. Discusses briefly the Treaty of Greenville.
Tells the story of George Rogers Clark and his defeat of the British at Vincennes in 1778. Uses cartoons, maps, and photographs to illustrate conditions, fort locations, and how the British were conquered.
Tells the story of the Louisiana Territory and its significance to United States history. Explains how and why this land changed ownership between France and Spain until purchased by Thomas Jefferson in 1803. Also discusses French architecture of this early period in what became Missouri.
In this summary program, Dr. Cruickshank and Dr. Johnson review the aspects of exceptionality and emphasize that it is up to all of us as parents, neighbors and individual members of our total society to do all we can to help all children achieve the maximum of their potentialities.
Tells the story of Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island, Michigan and its role in the War of 1812. Explains how the island got its name. Outlines the events which led to the War of 1812 and its mutually unprofitable consequences.
Tells the story of the need for and construction of the Cumberland Road in the early 1800's. Points out how it unified the East and West, promoted trade, led to the establishment of many modern cities, enhanced nationalism and gave impetus to overland travel to western frontiers.
The visions of America as a religious sanctuary attracted many thousands to the New World. The settlement by the Rappites and the later settlement by the Owenites in New Harmony were symbolic of the diversified Utopias which had a deep and permanent effect upon our social history.
Tells the story of Oberlin College in Ohio which first offered opportunities for higher education on a co-educational bases. Describes the significance of this institution to education for women and African Americans.
The Lewis and Clark exploration of the unknown territory acquired by the Louisiana Purchase not only revealed the rich resources of the lands adjourning the Missouri River, but also helped to establish American title to the Pacific Northwest.
Tells the story of New Salem, Illinois where Abraham Lincoln developed many of his qualities of leadership. Explains how the frontier village met the farmer's social, economic, and political needs. Discusses Lincoln's life during his early adult years.
Tells the story of John Brown and his resistance to slavery in Kansas. Explains his resort to violence to help keep slavery out of Kansas and his use of the 'underground railway' to guide slaves to freedom. Concludes with a review of the Harper's Ferry incident and Brown's hanging.
Describes the ways in which a newspaper brings information and service to a community and traces a news story and advertisement from their beginnings to their publication in the paper. Follows the reporting of the arrival of a baby elephant for the city zoo and shows the step-by-step process including the writing, editing, typesetting, proofing, printing, and delivery of the paper in which the story appears. Shows the variety of news sources, special features, and services the newspaper must use each day. | Shows how the daily newspaper is published and explains the work of each department.
Discusses the special problems confronting the child with physical handicaps. Points out the importance of early diagnosis, counseling, and special services. Explains the difficulties in solving the social and physical needs of the handicapped child. Uses filmed sequences to show methods of physical and occupational therapy, and counseling for parents. Features Dr. Kathryn A Blake, Professor in Special Education, Syracuse University. (Syracuse University) Kinescope and film.
Discusses methods used by composers to create variety in their musical sentence structure, or extend originally "regular'' phrases to longer proportions. Illustrates the following methods of extension: (1) cadence extension; (2) repetition, exact or sequential, in the body of the phrase; and (3) augmentation, or lengthening of note-values.
In this program, via an interview with a prison inmate, criminologist Joseph D. Lohman gets an internal view of prison riots. Lohman states that riots are evidence of shortcomings in the prison system. He feels that the causes of these riots are essentially the same as those which lead an individual away from the norms of society in the first place. With Bates, he points out both the immediate and underlying cause of riots. They explain that prison inmates are well aware of progress in the field of penology and they expect reform in their prison. There are many difficulties when practice lags behind publicity. Alternatives are suggested to the negative social life created by the prison environment.
In this program, Wright and criminologist Joseph D. Lohman review the historical progress of dragging our penal institutions out of the nineteenth century, with changes often following riots and political exposes. Films scenes review the wasteful and harmful practices in prison administration that result from public apathy. An inmate presents his view of lack of progress and need for change. Wright and Lohman conclude by noting that violent upheavals must not be the way to stimulate progress; penal institutions are part of the social fabric, and the public must be aware of proper procedures.
In this program, criminologist Joseph D. Lohman points out the failure of walled institutions to serve a socially constructive purpose and indicates alternative types of imprisonment. An interview with a prisoner points up characteristics that illustrate the need for these alternatives. Harrison and Lohman discuss the economy of prison camps and the constructive life in these camps, which contrasts with the maladjustment occurring when men who are bitter and hostile toward conventional society are thrown together behind a large wall. They describe the prison camp as a way-station on the return road to a responsible life in conventional society.
In this program, Criminologist Joseph D. Lohman outlines the personality types produced by a prison environment – the “Prison-wise” man who does “easy time” by adjusting himself to life as a prisoner and may be unable to readjust to life in society, and the “stir bug” who is unable to adjust himself to the routine of the prison and consequently does “hard-time.” A “prison-wise” inmate is interviewed. With Burke he discusses the covert effects of prison on men’s lives, pointing out that prisons often maladjust inmates, rendering them useless or turning them into professional criminals.
In this program, criminologist Joseph D. Lohman points out that the families of offenders are lost in the community after the husband/father is sent to prison. He mentions the economic problem of the loss of a wage earner and the emotional impact on children. Filmed scenes show the limited contact inmates have with their families and the effect on the inmate is brought out during an interview. Mrs. Killings and Lohman review the impossibility of holding a family together through the mail and infrequent visiting days. Mrs. Killings points out that these families become broken homes, which in turn produce a disproportionate number of delinquent children.
In this program, the problems facing the “ex-con” who leaves prison with a record and mingles with a public that forgets he is a criminal but that cannot forget that he has been imprisoned are discussed by criminologist Joseph D. Lohman. Filmed scenes illustrate the prisoner’s alienation from society and the lack of procedures to reintegrate him into the community. An inmate describes experiences he had while free which led him back to crime and prison. Hannum and Lohman discuss the aspects of prison life needed to teach skills and orient inmates toward release and the problems of return to society.
In this program, Reverend Jones and criminologist Joseph D. Lohman discuss the special problems of fostering spiritual life under the adverse conditions of imprisonment. Reverend Jones emphasizes the unique relationship between the prison chaplain and the inmate. Lohman describes the unified role of religion in panel institutions and a film sequence shows chapel services and chaplain counseling.
In this program, host Lohman describes the professional criminal, a special type of inmate who is found at all levels of the penal system. The “Professional” is the product of a career in crime. Part of that career often reflects experience in penal institutions. Film clips are used to demonstrate aspects of prison life which can develop such personalities. One such inmate is interviewed and his characteristics are observed. With Wilkinson, Lohman discusses his attitudes toward life, his fellow man and his occupation. Ways in which penologists work to avoid such development are explored.
Analyzes the recapitulation section of sonata form and explains the use of the coda to draw the many themes together for the close. Continues the illustration with the Beethoven Eroica movement. (WMSB-TV) Kinescope.
Discusses the type of variation form known as passacaglia in ·which the theme is a short pattern in the bass. Repeating this theme over and over again, more or less exactly, provides a ground for the variations above it. Illustrates with Purcell's Lament of Dido and Bach's Passacaglia in C Minor, both played in full.
Discusses the binary form of musical composition. Illustrates that the under-lying principle of this form is thesis and antithess. Distinguishes between the balance of phrases in a two-phrase sentence and the balance of parts (sections, paragraphs) in two-part form. Explains the modulatory scheme of the more developed types of binary form, and the means of integrating the whole composition.
Discusses musical form known as theme and variations in which attention is directed exclusively to the process of varying a simple theme. Illustrates with an example from a Mozart sonata. Points out the various kinds of· elaboration of the theme: (1) melodic embellishment; (2) change of tonality; (3) change of tempo; (4) change of basic meter; and (5) a coda at the end.
Dr. Gould introduces Oscar, his stuffed Emperor penguin, which he brought home from the first Byrd Expedition in 1930. Using Oscar as an example, Eklund discusses Antarctic penguins. Eklund, one of the world’s foremost authorities on the Skua, a special type of Antarctic bird, narrates films of his work with this bird. Lastly, the two men discuss seals and show films of seal branding in Antarctica. It is noted that a biology program has been added to the sciences to be explored under the scientific program USARP (US Antarctic Research Project), which is, on a limited scale, continuing the scientific exploration of Antarctica, following the completion of IGY.
Dr. Gould briefly reviews the history of South Pole explorations prior to IGY and Mr. Benson explains the seasonal differences between the North and South Poles and the scientific reason for the six-month-long day and night phenomena. Together, Dr. Gould and Benson describe the building and supplying of the South Pole Stations and Dr. Gould explains the significance of the film of the South Pole Dedication Ceremony which he conducted in Antarctica in January 1957. Dr. Paul Siple (seen on film taken at the base) describes the actual operation of the South Pole Station and it various scientific explorations. In conclusion, Benson and Dr. Gould discuss the living conditions and the general reactions to the accomplishments of the South Pole Base.
Dr. Gould notes that today man’s eyes and mind must be lifted to encompass outer space. Dr. Roberts discusses the earth and the Sun and explains why the year 1957-58 was selected IGY Year. Films of explosions on the Sun are shown and the Aurora is explained. A discussion of the Ionosphere ensues. Drs. Gould and Roberts indicate the scope and importance of the Upper Atmosphere studies of the IGY and the vital role of the Antarctic studies in the total IGY program.
Discusses the use of pre-symbolic language in furthering communication. Defines and illustrates the function of social language. Shows how social conversation enlarges the possibility of friendship and communication.
Discusses the importance of oceanography to the Antarctic program of the IGY, using charts and maps to show how the Antarctic waters influence weather, tides, and life in the sea. Explains the use of the nansen bottle and the bathythemograph in obtaining oceanographic data. Points out areas of oceanography which need further study and the relationship of these studies to the welfare of mankind.
Dr. Hayakawa develops the idea that what we know of the objective world is a product of our nervous system and, hence, an abstraction from sensory data. Alfred Korzynski’s “structural differential” diagram is used to trace the successive levels of abstraction from the event and the object through the first or descriptive verbal level to high level verbal abstractions such as “organism,” “matter,” etc. We become unintelligible when our verbal abstractions cannot be traced back to lower levels of abstraction. One of the great risks in high level abstraction consists in proceeding from the known to the unknown and in making unwarranted inferences and judgments. Examples from a modern philosophic work and from a racing form are used to illustrate abstractions that can and cannot be traced back to actual events.
Presents a survey of Antarctic exploration. Discusses the contributions of early seafaring explorers, the golden age of exploration, 1900-1920, and the Bryd expedition of 1928-30. Describes the discovery of the South Pole. Uses filmed sequences of the first expedition to show construction activities, living conditions, and the problems and accomplishments. Illustrates with charts, maps, and models.
Dr. Gould describes the magnitude of the logistics problem facing scientists planning the scientific efforts during the IGY. With the use of film he describes the entire operation from the assembling of stores in the US to the problems facing the Task Force when the Continent was sighted. He describes in detail the film depicting the construction of bases by US Seabees, the building of the only landing strip in Antarctica at McMurdo Sound and praises the work of the Services which provided supplies, transportation, housing and general support personnel for IGY scientists working at each of America’s bases.
Examines the role of meteorological research in the Antarctic program of the IGY. Uses charts, maps, and film sequences to show how weather observations are taken, organized, and used. Features Dr. Harry Wexler, chief scientist for the United States--IGY in Antarctica, and Dr. Lawrence M. Gould.
Reviews the structure of binary form and begins the discussion of three part or ternary form. Explains the limitations of binary form and how ternary form offers possibilities of greater expansion. Illustrates how ternary form is based on the idea of statement, development, and re-statement. (WMSB-TV) Kinescope.
Louis Simpson, a poet and teacher at the University of California at Berkeley, relates that Stephen Spender’s interest in the relationship between poetry and the subjects of war and politics goes back to his days at Oxford. He discusses Spender’s activity during the Spanish Civil War and World War II and says his poems of war and love have a panoramic sweep. Spender then reads “Two Armies,” “The Guns,” “The Window,” “Ice,” “The Little Coat,” “Song,” and “Elegy for Margaret.”
Clifton Fadiman, Massachusetts Council for the Humanities, Juilliard String Quartet, David Glazer, Wilbur de Paris and his New Orleans Jazz, John Barnes, Encyclopaedia Britannica Films, C. Walter Hodges, Michael Livesey, Robert Johnson, Fred Lasse
Summary:
Clifton Fadiman discusses what the humanities are and why they are studied, using examples of literature, photography, and music. Points out the dissimilarities and complimentary features of the humanities and the sciences.
Encyclopaedia Britannica Films, Ernest Horn, Milan Herzog
Summary:
Jim Briggs, a fireman, shows how he cares for equipment and participates in drills and testing of trucks, hose, ladders, and life-saving devices in typical settings. Affords an opportunity to observe the firemen answering the alarm and extinguishing an actual home fire. Second Edition.
Maynard Mack, Stratford Shakespearean Festival Company of Canada, Massachusetts Council for the Humanities, Peter Donat, Charmion King, Max Helpmann, William Needles, Frances Hyland, Douglas Campbell, Michael Livesey, Robert Johnson, Fred Lasse, Desmond Heeley, Brian Jackson, Encyclopaedia Britannica Films
Summary:
Hamlet is presented as a story of a young man achieving maturity - the discovery of the presence of evil, separating reality from wishes, and the problem of contamination. | Develops an understanding of Shakespeare's characters and their motivations through an emphasis upon Hamlet as a young man gradually comprehending the seemingly contradictory forces which cause seemingly unsolvable problems. The problems examined include the reality and permanence of evil and the fact people are not always what they seem, the separation of reality from the deceptive, the contamination of good intentions by evil forces, the reality of death, and the view of man as "royal."
An advertisement for Knudsen Ice Cream in which a man waits in a long line at a specialty ice cream parlor, and a narrator says that Knudsen has the same taste and added convenience of being available at the grocery store.
An advertisement for the United States National Bank of Omaha in which a narrator compares a bank user to early pioneers, and says that the pioneer of today uses the bank to finance home improvement. Submitted for Clio Awards category Banks.
An advertisement for the United States National Bank of Omaha in which a narrator compares a bank user to early pioneers, and says that the pioneer of today uses the bank to keep his money safe. Submitted for Clio Awards category Banks.
Explains why energy is necessary, where it is obtained and why more energy is needed. Defines and gives examples of kinetic and potential energy. Uses charts and diagrams to show how energy is used and how much is available. Points out the importance of nuclear energy for the future. (WQED) Film.
Discusses the historical development of nuclear fission. Stresses the contributions of Chadwick, Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, Otto Frisch, Niels Bohr, and Albert Einstein. Retells the story of the initiation of the first self-sustaining nuclear chain reactor at Chicago, Illinois. (WQED) Film.
An advertisement for the United States National Bank of Omaha in which a narrator compares a bank user to early pioneers, and says that the pioneer of today uses the bank's checking accounts to manage business transactions. Submitted for Clio Awards category Banks.
An advertisement for First Security Bank in which an animated man nervously introduces the institution's services. Submitted for Clio Awards category Banks.
An advertisement for Franklin Federal bank in which a postal worker opens a mail box to find it full of letters addressed to the bank. Submitted for Clio Awards category Banks.
An advertisement for Ohio Federal Bank in which a man gambles money at a horse track and instructs the viewer on saving money at the bank. Submitted for Clio Awards category Banks.
Summer in Scandinavia
This film contains graphic footage that some viewers may find distressing.
Home movie documenting Bailey's trip to Scandinavia, circa 1964. Features street scenes of major cities such as Oslo, Helsinki, Stockholm, and Copenhagen. Captures the daily life of locals as they enjoy public parks and markets in each city. Ends with footage of a hunting expedition in the Arctic, where men track, kill, and skin seals and polar bears.
Springtime in Europe
Home movie documenting multiple trips Bailey took to Europe between 1957 and 1964. Highlights include pastoral scenes and medieval architecture in Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Germany ; Bailey boarding the Auguste Piccard mesoscaphe in Lausanne, Switzerland ; public art in Geneva, including the Reformation Wall and Woodrow Wilson Memorial Sphere. In Paris, Bailey visits the Palace of Versailles, Notre Dame, Tuileries Garden, Chartres Cathedral, and the Sorbonne, which she once attended as a student.
Presents an edited version of a speech delivered in September, 1958 to Boston's Atlantic Treaty Association. Provides an analysis of NATO, its effectiveness in dealing with current world problems and its future directions if it is to continue to be a force for peace. Speaker is Paul-Henri Spaak, secretary-general of NATO.
Shows the relationship of the Constitution to the issue of prior restraint on freedom of expression. Presents the case of Burstyn v. Wilson challenging the constitutionality of New York State's film censorship system and Cantwell v. Connecticut involving questions of freedom of speech and religion. Discusses the questions pertaining to freedom of speech when multiplied via recordings or film, and how the claims of free expression can be weighed against claims for local, state, or federal protection.
Tells the Japanese legend about a cedar tree which stands in front of the temple in Nara, Japan. The tree is said to be the spot where an old and grieving mother found her grow son who had been carried away by a hawk while he was still an infant. Illustrates the story using Japanese brush painting techniques. Shows how to paint a hawk.
Tells and illustrates the Japanese legend of a beautiful princess and the part she plays in making Mt. Fuji a volcano. Demonstrates the brush painting techniques used to paint Mt. Fuji.
This is the tale of the historical Japanese figure, Lord Nobunaga Oda, an impoverished Samurai. The Samurai’s clever wife finds a way to help her husband obtain a beautiful stallion. Mr. Mikami demonstrates the steps involved in drawing a horse.
Dr. Wriston discusses his views on education for positions in management and administration. He outlines the problems of administering a university, and what makes a good administrator. Concludes by providing recommendations for improving education in the United States, and how to solve the problem of quality and quantity in education. Hosted by Dr. Henry M. Wriston, former President of Brown University and Chairman of the American Assembly. His guests are John S. Millis, President of Western Reserve University and Edward Green, Executive Assistant to the President of Westinghouse Airbrake Corporation.
Dr. Parran reviews the changes in Public Health Service during his years as United States Surgeon General. He discusses the breakthrough in the control of venereal disease, how the Roosevelt Administration brought a new concept to public healthand the changing ideas of the American people toward health programs. Concludes by pointing out the effect of World War II on public health service.
Dr. Parran discusses the problems involved in setting up a graduate school of public health. After World War II, the AW Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust sought an opportunity to aid public health. The decision was made to form a graduate school of public health at the University of Pittsburgh, containing facilities to train students, a research center, and a free outpatient clinic for welfare cases. Dr. Parran talks of his problems in setting up the school, forming a faculty, settling problems arising from conflicting philosophies, and other facets of establishing the school.
Dr. Wriston discusses diplomacy as practiced in a democracy. He explains the importance of public opinion as an influence in foreign policy and how communications media have aided in public understanding. Presents views on maintaining continuity of foreign policy under changing administrations. Concludes by pointing out the various problems involved in planning foreign policy. Hosted by Dr. Henry M. Wriston, former President of Brown University and Chairman of the American Assembly.
Dr. Parran reviews the growth of international health programs during the past twenty-five years. He discusses the work of the League of Nations, U.S. plans for improving health in South America, relief agencies in Europe following World War II, and public health in the Soviet Union. Presents his views on cooperative assistance programs in underdeveloped countries, technical aid, and training programs.
Former US Surgeon General Dr. Thomas Parran discusses his history as a medical doctor working for the United States department of health. Included are stories on his family background, experiences at medical school, and time as a public health worker where he was involved in stopping outbreaks of smallpox, typhus, and syphilis. Dr. Parran is interviewed by Adolph Schmidt, Roger James Crabtree, and Emory Bacon.
Mr. Ormandy discusses, with his guests, the duties and responsibilities of the music director. Explains the problems of programming, personnel changes in the orchestra, keeping standards, placement of instruments, and the importance of the conductor. he also expresses his views concerning the relationships between the conductor and orchestra, and the duties of the music critic in America today.
Dr. Wriston discusses the development and changes in America's foreign service program. Points out how World War II and pressing national problems brought neglect to the foreign service area.
Students from Yugoslavia, France, Germany and the Sudan discuss the problems of communism by examining questions such as: How can a nation choose between “Washington and Moscow”? What do the different systems of government -socialist and capitalist -imply? What becomes of the individual in either system of government? Can there be socialism and democracy in the same system? What becomes of the freedoms of opinion and expression in a communist country. Do the people really have a chance to govern themselves in a communistic country? How efficient is a democracy? What is the role of the political party, and how representative of the people is a one-party system? Participants: Gojko Tanic, Yugoslavia; Catherine Marin, France; Jord-Ingo Weber, Germany; and Mohamed Abdulla Hamadien, Sudan.
Teenagers attending the New York Herald Tribune World Forum from Pakistan, India, Brazil, and England discuss their religious beliefs. Questions are raised concerning the origins of religion, the place of personal conviction, family influence, commonality of the major religions, and religion's role in preserving society.
In this program, criminologist Joseph D. Lohman states that parole is to many people only “a legal escape route” from the prison to the free community and he indicates that a parole system should be much more than this. The release of one inmate and an interview with a former prisoner illustrate the problems experienced on release. Meeker and Lohman explore current statistics and compare the number of prisoners who “go straight” with those who return to a life of crime. They indicate aspects of a parole system that will aid in the former prisoner’s adjustment to conventional society.
Discusses the special problems confronting the child with a chronic disorder such as hemophilia. Explains various types of chronic disorders and points out how social and emotional growth is complicated by a chronic illness. Tells how separation from parents and school, plus the medical treatment used, can bring on serious psychological problems. Stresses the importance of a wholesome relationship between the chronically ill child and his parents. Shows how educational training is provided for some children with chronic disorders. Features Dr. William Cruickshank of Syracuse University.
The future of Africa, discussed by representatives from Ghana, Ethiopia, Ceylon and the Union of South Africa, raises questions such as: Why is foreign aid necessary? Where does it come from? How is it best administered? What can the smaller nations do to help one another? Does aid imply dependence? What are the prospects for African independence? What are prerequisites to independence? What effects does education have on a nation as a whole, and on the individuals in the nation who are more highly educated than the rest? Participants: P. Tissa Fernando, Ceylon; Bizuayehu Agonafir, Ethiopia; Nii Tetteh Quao, Ghana; Marita Wessels, Union of South Africa.
