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Dr. Joel Hildebrand discusses the scientific method and how it is used. Points out that science is based on observable facts. Illustrates how complete reliance on the physical senses can be deceiving. Explains the development and use of instruments to measure impressions and quantities man cannot see, hear, or feel. (KQED) film.
Once man had created the articles he needed for survival and comfort, he launched himself on a campaign to make himself more attractive physically. It is conceivable that, in his vanity, he turned his hand to beautifying himself even before considering some of his more fundamental needs. With Miss Brynner, Shari Lewis examines some ornaments created from materials at hand which help satisfy man’s universal desire to be attractive.
Bash’s story begins when the only way letters were delivered was in a sack of mail throw on the corner table of a coffee house, to be picked up, perhaps, by the owner or his friend. Early envelopes, quill pens, sealing wax are shown, and then the first rides of the Post Riders, through difficult forest paths are described. The developments in various of the colonies add stories of letters passing from plantation to plantation, and of sheriffs empowered to commandeer horses and riders to deliver official papers. Then came the first paid postmaster, whose job it was to receive mail and see that it got to the proper addresses. Stagecoach delivery of mail ends the program, with a model of the famous Wells Fargo coach, and mention of the Pony Express. Songs include “Green & Yellow Basket,” “Cotton Eye’d Joe” and “Yankee Doodle.”
In this program, criminologist Joseph D. Lohman outlines the extent of inmate unemployment and describes the work opportunities needed. Filmed scenes illustrate some of this work and a prison inmate describes his employment experiences. Alexander and Lohman indicate ways in which lack of work and “make work,” active idleness contribute to the maladjustment of inmates. They discuss the results of an increase in constructive prison employment.
In this program, the clandestine system of communication and standards operating in many penal institutions is examined, and illustrated with film clips of inmates passing information to each other without the administration’s knowledge. One inmate describes how the prisoners’ credo is established and maintained. Lohman and Gagnon discuss the “Grapevine,” the verbal contact of prisoners, and explain “kangaroo court,” used by the prisoners to maintain “law and order,” as they see it. Lohman points out that these things must be recognized as existing if administrators are to operate efficiently.
In this program, criminologist Joseph D. Lohman contrasts the public’s attitude and desires for penal institutions with the current knowledge of the social sciences. With Kenyon Scudder, he explains the facts which would disprove existing myths, such as “The way to deal with prisoners is to treat them rough” and “Anybody can run a prison.” Film clips illustrate the unreasonable penal practices that are a product of these myths. An Interviewed prisoner brings out his experiences under such systems.
Explains how an understanding of pure science can lead to applied science. Demonstrates this relationship by reviewing a theory of heath and how it led to a number of inventions: smokeless fireplaces, new types of stoves, pressure cookers, and drip-style coffee pots. Features Dr. Sanborn C. Brown, Professor of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (WGBH-TV) Kinescope.
Modern reptiles have body structures and characteristics much like their giant ancestors of long ago. This will be an introduction to the contemporary reptiles, the ones living now which we can watch and observe and study. On this program, Meyer Bornstein, who is studying biology at Northeastern University, will introduce through living examples the four kinds of reptiles; alligators, lizard, snakes and turtles. He will tell you about their habits, and show you how he cares for and learns from reptiles as pets.
Uses charts, pictures, and specimens to explain how the geologist discovers what lies beneath the earth's surface. Shows how earthquakes provide information about the interior construction of the earth. Tells how examination of effects at the surface of the earth provides a picture of what lies below. Demonstrates and discusses the instruments used to provide knowledge upon which the geologist can theorize. Features Dr. Kirtley F. Mather, Professor of Geology, Harvard University. (WGBH-TV) Kinescope.
Early use of rivers is described, form the Indian canoe of hollowed log to the flatboats and keelboats of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. Bash tells of the importance of water transportation, of families building flatboats and traveling down the currents with even their cows and chickens aboard, and she shows the ways the keelboats were propelled upstream by sweeps and by men with tow ropes walking along the banks. Cargoes of wheat, corn, animal skins and log rafts are related in their importance to the lives of the people. Songs include “Sewanee River,” “Shenandoah,” and “Old Woman.”
The interesting development of roads, from a path through the forest which a horse could scarcely travel, on through the building of the roads which led westward, and which were used by the huge Conestoga Wagons for hauling freight. A model of the Conestoga Wagon is shown, and models of the various kings of roads, those made of logs, those of boards, and later the McAdam Road. The building of the Cumberland Road is described, and the life which centered around those who used the roads depicted. The early toll road is mentioned, and a tie-in made with the Turnpike of today. Song material includes, “Goin’ Down the Road Feelin’ Bad,” “On Top of Old Smoky,” and “Low-Backed Car.”
Bash describes the three ways there were to get to California when the nation was excited about the gold found there, 1848-49. The use of the covered wagon, and “Prairie Schooner” is described, including information that it was shaped as it was so it could float across the rivers that had to be crossed. The route of taking a ship to Panama, then crossing the swampy Isthmus on foot is described, and then the third way, that of taking the long and dangerous trip by ship all the way around Cape Horn. Maps and authentic pictures illustrate the material, and a model of the record breaking Clipper Ship, “The Flying Cloud” is shown. Songs include “She’ll Be Comin’ Round the Mountain,” “Let the Rest of the World Go By,” and “Sacramento.”
Bash describes the rugged life aboard an early day sailing vessel … the various chores of the crews, and the romance of sailing to faraway ports in search of cargoes. On film, Bash goes aboard the ship Blaclutha, showing the rigging, the tall masts, how the sailors climbed to the yardarms, and how they paced around the capstan, to pull up the heavy anchor chain. She visits the crew’s quarters, and demonstrates the various kinds of “scrimshaw,” the sailors’ handiwork of carving whalebone, knotting ropes for decoration, and making model ships.
Explains the difference between scientific and non-scientific endeavor. Examines various areas such as flying saucers, astrology, and weather predictions to point out how these problems are approached from a scientific and non-scientific point of view. Features Dr. Harlow Shapley, Professor of Astronomy, Harvard University. (WGBH-TV) Kinescope.
Explains the role of whole numbers in understanding the organization of the physical universe. Uses non-mathematical props, such as rock crystals, to point up the arithmetic nature of basic discoveries in science. Tells how whole numbers limit the knowable universe around us. Features Dr. Philippe LeCorbeiller, Professor of Applied Physics, Harvard University. (WGBH-TV) Kinescope.
The movement of traveling farmers, who follow the crops around the country, picking them as they ripen at different times in various areas is described in this program. The beginnings of the seasonal worker, when the land for farming for one’s self became difficult to find, start the story. It carries on through the possibility of following various crops all over the country, moving from one to another as they ripen. The ripening of cotton, apples, onions, tomatoes, strawberries and various others are shown on a large map, and the travels of the seasonal worker depicted on an animated visual. Songs include, “Chilly Winds,” “He’s Gone Away,” and “The Big Rock Candy Mountain.”
Discusses the serious problem of sex and crime and explains three categories: offense motivated by sexual desire, profit from sex, and sex deviation. Contrasts the American and British attitude toward this problem. Features Dr. Douglas M. Kelly.
In this program, host Lohman examines the development of large prisons and the treatment of inmates in this type of institution. Film clips illustrate the masses of inmates confined and a prisoner tells of his life in such an institution. Wilkinson and Lohman discuss administrative problems occurring in the management of such large prisons and point out that modern penal thinking indicates a trend toward smaller prisons.
Tells the story of the custom of helping out in the Southwest. Explains how people worked together in building their homes, harvesting crops, and promoting social activities. Discusses the cultivation of sugar cane and making of syrup.
Tells the story of traveling by stagecoach. Explains how stagecoaches were made and used. Uses 19th century pictures and illustrations of early stages and discusses the dangers encountered during their trips. Host Bash Kennett plays guitar and sings the songs "Black Eyed Susie," "Every Night When The Sun Goes In" and "Old Joe Clark."